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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aztec Ruins National Monument</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 toptextcells float-right infobox vorlage-infobox-nationalpark" style="width:300px; font-size:90%; border-style: solid; margin-bottom:.5em; margin-left:1em; padding:.2em;" summary="Infobox Nationalpark">

<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="font-size:120%;">Aztec Ruins National Monument
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</th></tr>
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<td colspan="2" style="margin:5px 0;text-align:center">Aztec Ruins - West Ruin
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<tbody><tr><td style="border: none; padding: 0; text-align: center;"><div style="position: relative; z-index: 0; padding: 0; display: inline-block; width: max-content; vertical-align: top; margin:0px; border: 1px solid #c8ccd1;"><div style="position:absolute; top:53.709158342112%; left:29.345744324373%; height:0; width:0;"><div style="position:relative;z-index:100;left:-6.5px;top:-6.5px;width:13px;height:13px;line-height:0px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="geo:36.835530855556,-107.998137475" title="(36° 50′ 7,91″ N, 107° 59′ 53,29″W)"></a></span></div>
<table style="font-size:90%; border:none; border-collapse:collapse; line-height:1em; position:absolute; width:6em; margin: 0 .2em; text-align:left; left:1px; bottom:1px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="notheme" style="position:relative; z-index:9; color:#202122;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span class="geo noexcerpt" style="display:none"><span class="body"></span><span class="latitude">36.835530855556</span><span class="longitude">-107.998137475</span><span class="elevation"></span></span><span id="coordinates" class="coordinates -print"><span title="Koordinatensystem WGS84">Koordinaten: </span><a class="external text" href="geo:36.835530855556,-107.998137475"><span title="Breitengrad">36°&nbsp;50′&nbsp;8″&nbsp;<abbr title="Nord">N</abbr></span>, <span title="Längengrad">107°&nbsp;59′&nbsp;53″&nbsp;<abbr title="West">W</abbr></span></a></span>
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<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><b>Lage:</b>
</td>
<td><a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">Vereinigte Staaten</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;"><b>Nächste&nbsp;Stadt:</b>
</td>
<td><a href="Aztec_(New_Mexico)" title="Aztec (New Mexico)">Aztec</a> (<a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>)
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<td style="text-align:left;"><b>Fläche:</b>
</td>
<td>1,3 km²
</td></tr>
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<td style="text-align:left;"><b>Gründung:</b>
</td>
<td><a href="24._Januar" title="24. Januar">24. Januar</a> <a href="1923" title="1923">1923</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="display:none">i3i6</span>
</p><p>Die <b>Aztec Ruins</b> [<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r227981795">
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</style><span class="navigation-not-searchable"><span class="IPA"><a href="Liste_der_IPA-Zeichen" title="Liste der IPA-Zeichen"><span title="Aussprache im Internationalen Phonetischen Alphabet (IPA)" lang="zxx">æstek ˌrʊːns</span></a></span></span>] (deutsch <i>Azteken-Ruinen</i>) bilden eine kulturhistorische Gedenkstätte vom Typ eines <a href="National_Monuments_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="National Monuments in den Vereinigten Staaten">National Monuments</a> im nordwestlichen Teil des <a href="US-Bundesstaat" class="mw-redirect" title="US-Bundesstaat">US-Bundesstaates</a> <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, in dem mehrere gut erhaltene Ruinen früher <i><a href="Pueblo_(Siedlung)" title="Pueblo (Siedlung)">Pueblos</a></i> geschützt werden. Zu den einzeln stehenden Komplexen gehören <i>Hubbard Site</i>, <i>Mound F</i>, <i>East Ruin</i>, <i>Earl Morris Ruin</i> sowie die <i>West Ruin</i>, von denen nur letztere öffentlich zugänglich ist.
</p><p>Anders als der Name vermuten lässt wurden die Pueblos nicht von den <a href="Azteken" title="Azteken">Azteken</a> erbaut, sondern irrtümlich nach ihnen benannt. Frühe Siedler glaubten in Erinnerung an Geschichten über die Eroberung <a href="Mexiko" title="Mexiko">Mexikos</a>, dass sie von ihnen erbaut worden seien. Das Nationalmonument befindet sich unweit der coloradischen Grenze im neu-mexikanischen <a href="Aztec_(New_Mexico)" title="Aztec (New Mexico)">Aztec</a>, das aus Richtung <a href="Durango_(Colorado)" title="Durango (Colorado)">Durango</a> im Norden sowie <a href="Albuquerque" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a> im Süden über den Highway 550 erreicht werden kann.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entdeckung">Entdeckung</h3></div>
<p>Erste Aufzeichnungen machte <a href="1859" title="1859">1859</a> der Geologe John S. Newberry, der die Pueblos damals noch relativ gut erhalten vorfand. In den folgenden 50 Jahren fielen sie jedoch vereinzelten Plünderungen zum Opfer. Als 1878 der Anthropologe <a href="Lewis_Henry_Morgan" title="Lewis Henry Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a> an diesen Ort kam, stellte er fest, dass etwa ein Viertel der Steine von Siedlern abgetragen wurde, um als Baumaterial wiederverwendet zu werden. Erst als das Land 1889 in Privatbesitz gelangte, blieb es vor weiterer Zerstörung relativ verschont und kam 1923 mit der Ernennung zum Nationalmonument schließlich unter nationalen Schutz.
</p><p>Earl Halstead Morris leitete Ende der 1920er Jahre die ersten systematischen Ausgrabungen. Die folgenden sieben Jahre verbrachte er mit Ausgrabungen an der West-Ruine, der <i>Großen <a href="Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></i> sowie einigen Räumen der Ost-Ruine (<i>East Ruin</i>). Unter anderem entdeckte er neben Unterschieden im Baustil auch, dass es zwei verschiedene Perioden in der Besiedelung gegeben haben musste. 1930 begann unter seiner Aufsicht die Rekonstruktion der <i>Großen Kiva</i> – einem für die <a href="Pueblo-Kultur" title="Pueblo-Kultur">Pueblo-Kultur</a> typischen Zeremonienraum –, welche vier Jahre später abgeschlossen wurde. 1923 wurden die Ruinen als National Monument ausgewiesen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Besiedlung">Besiedlung</h3></div>

<p>Etwa um 1111 wurde die erste Siedlung an dieser Stelle errichtet, die heute die West-Ruine bildet. In ihrer Bauweise ähnelt sie denen im <a href="Chaco_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaco Canyon">Chaco Canyon</a>. Sie hatte drei Stockwerke, umfasste über 400 Räume und mehrere Kivas, darunter auch die Große Kiva. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten entwickelte sich die Siedlung zu einem Zentrum des Handels sowie zeremoniellen Geschehens. Mit dem Schwinden der Chaco-Kultur war dies jedoch bereits um 1150 wieder im Rückgang. Dazu kamen auch noch die Auswirkungen einer Dürreperiode.
</p><p>Um 1200 begann die zweite Siedlungsphase. Das Pueblo wurde teilweise umgestaltet, vorhandene unfertige Gebäude vollendet. Zu dieser Zeit wurde etwas abseits eine zweite Siedlung errichtet, die heutige <i>East Ruin</i>. Die Bauweise dieser und auch der Umbauten ähnelt den Bauwerken im <a href="Mesa-Verde-Nationalpark" title="Mesa-Verde-Nationalpark">Mesa-Verde-Nationalpark</a>. Auch Funde von <a href="T%C3%B6pferei" title="Töpferei">Töpferwaren</a> wiesen auf eine Verbindung zu dieser Kultur hin.
</p><p>Um 1300 verließen die Menschen Aztec. Die genauen Gründe dafür sind nicht bekannt, mögliche Ursachen könnten eine weitere Dürre oder Rohstoffmangel gewesen sein.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aztec_Ruins_National_Monument?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Aztec Ruins National Monument</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/azru/">National Park Service: Aztec Ruins National Monument</a> (offizielle Seite; englisch)</li></ul>
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<a href="Marianas_Trench_Marine_National_Monument" title="Marianas Trench Marine National Monument">Marianas Trench</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Military_Working_Dog_Teams_National_Monument" title="Military Working Dog Teams National Monument">Military Working Dog Teams</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Mill_Springs_Battlefield_National_Monument" title="Mill Springs Battlefield National Monument">Mill Springs Battlefield</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Misty_Fjords_National_Monument" title="Misty Fjords National Monument">Misty Fjords</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Mojave_Trails_National_Monument" title="Mojave Trails National Monument">Mojave Trails</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Montezuma_Castle_National_Monument" title="Montezuma Castle National Monument">Montezuma Castle</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Mount_St._Helens_National_Volcanic_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument">Mount St. Helens</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Muir_Woods_National_Monument" title="Muir Woods National Monument">Muir Woods</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Natural_Bridges_National_Monument" title="Natural Bridges National Monument">Natural Bridges</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Navajo_National_Monument" title="Navajo National Monument">Navajo</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Newberry_National_Volcanic_Monument" title="Newberry National Volcanic Monument">Newberry</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Northeast_Canyons_and_Seamounts_Marine_National_Monument" title="Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument">Northeast Canyons and Seamounts</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Oregon_Caves_National_Monument" title="Oregon Caves National Monument">Oregon Caves</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Organ_Mountains-Desert_Peaks_National_Monument" title="Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument">Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Organ_Pipe_Cactus_National_Monument" title="Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument">Organ Pipe Cactus</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Pacific_Remote_Islands_Marine_National_Monument" title="Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument">Pacific Remote Islands</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Petroglyph_National_Monument" title="Petroglyph National Monument">Petroglyph</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Pipe_Spring_National_Monument" title="Pipe Spring National Monument">Pipe Spring</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Pipestone_National_Monument" title="Pipestone National Monument">Pipestone</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Pompeys_Pillar_National_Monument" title="Pompeys Pillar National Monument">Pompeys Pillar</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Poverty_Point_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty Point National Monument">Poverty Point</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Prehistoric_Trackways_National_Monument" title="Prehistoric Trackways National Monument">Prehistoric Trackways</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="President_Lincoln_and_Soldiers%E2%80%99_Home_National_Monument" title="President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument">President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Rainbow_Bridge_National_Monument" title="Rainbow Bridge National Monument">Rainbow Bridge</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Rio_Grande_del_Norte_National_Monument" title="Rio Grande del Norte National Monument">Río Grande del Norte</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Rose_Atoll_Marine_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Atoll Marine National Monument">Rose Atoll</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Saint_Francis_Dam_Disaster_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Monument">Saint Francis Dam Disaster</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Salinas_Pueblo_Missions_National_Monument" title="Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument">Salinas Pueblo Missions</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="San_Gabriel_Mountains_National_Monument" title="San Gabriel Mountains National Monument">San Gabriel Mountains</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="San_Juan_Islands_National_Monument" title="San Juan Islands National Monument">San Juan Islands</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Sand_to_Snow_National_Monument" title="Sand to Snow National Monument">Sand to Snow</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Santa_Rosa_and_San_Jacinto_Mountains_National_Monument" title="Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument">Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument" title="Scotts Bluff National Monument">Scotts Bluff</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Sonoran_Desert_National_Monument" title="Sonoran Desert National Monument">Sonoran Desert</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Statue_of_Liberty_National_Monument" title="Statue of Liberty National Monument">Statue of Liberty</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Stonewall_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Sunset_Crater_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunset Crater National Monument">Sunset Crater</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Timpanogos_Cave_National_Monument" title="Timpanogos Cave National Monument">Timpanogos Cave</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Tonto_National_Monument" title="Tonto National Monument">Tonto</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Tule_Lake_National_Monument" title="Tule Lake National Monument">Tule Lake</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Tule_Springs_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument">Tule Springs Fossil Beds</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Tuzigoot_National_Monument" title="Tuzigoot National Monument">Tuzigoot</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Upper_Missouri_River_Breaks_National_Monument" title="Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument">Upper Missouri River Breaks</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Vermilion_Cliffs_National_Monument" title="Vermilion Cliffs National Monument">Vermilion Cliffs</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Virgin_Islands_Coral_Reef_National_Monument" title="Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument">Virgin Islands Coral Reef</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Waco_Mammoth_National_Monument" title="Waco Mammoth National Monument">Waco Mammoth</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Walnut_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Walnut Canyon National Monument">Walnut Canyon</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a>&nbsp;|
<a href="Yucca_House_National_Monument" title="Yucca House National Monument">Yucca House</a>
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